Véra Eisenmann

Figure 1

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Upper Cheek teeth

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Protocone length is reprsented by Quadrates : light blue for short, orange for long (Fig.9).
Post-Protoconal valley depth is figured by Triangles : light blue for short, orange for deep (Fig. 10).
Degree of Plication is represented by Asterixes : orange for few, blue for average, purple for many (Fig. 11).

- Morphological Characters

Double knots of lower cheek teeth

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Double knot morphs are symbolized in Figure 1 by Circles.
1. Standard : blue, Fig. 2
Ectoflexids are shallow on premolars, deep on molars.
Metastylids are either rounded or pointed.
Lingual valleys are pointed, inserted between the convex faces of metaconid and metastylid, or flattened, or even convex if pressed upon by very deep ectoflexids.

2. Asinine : yellow
a) Usual, Fig. 3
Ectoflexids shallow on premolars and molars. Metaconids and metastylids rounded. Lingual valleys pointed, between the convex faces of metaconid and metastylid.

b) In some Wild Asses, Fig. 4
Ectoflexids shallow on premolars and molars.
Lingual valleys pointed like in the usual pattern or convex on P and/or M, although there is no compression by the ectoflexid. This sort of Â« bridge Â » may look as the posterior part of an elongated and strangled metaconid.

3. Hemionine : orange
Ectoflexids shallow on premolars and molars.
Lingual valleys shallow, metaconids elongate, Fig. 5.
Occasionally the Â« bridge Â » described above is present on premolars or molars, Fig. 6.

4. Caballine : red, Fig. 7
Ectoflexids shallow on premolars, shallow or deep on molars.
Metastylids pointed. Lingual valleys concave or angulated.

5. Sussemiones, purple, Fig. 8
Ectoflexids are deep on molars and sometimes even on premolars.
The enamel is very plicate. Plis protostylid occur on P2 and other teeth. Metaconids are often elongated. Metastylids are usually pointed. Isolated ectostylids are frequent.

Skull-Metapodials Correlations

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Basilar Length (BL) and Metapodial articular and supra-articular breadths (MC10, MC11, MT10, MT11)

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It may be useful to know what metapodials are likely to belong with a given size of skull. Figure 1 shows how distal breadths of MC and MT are related to cranial basilar lengths on extant Equus. In most Asinines, Hemionines, Mountain Zebras, and Grevy's Zebras the proportions are roughly similar. Most Przewalski horses and Plain Zebras have relatively wider metapodials. All data for each group may be found in corresponding sheets of Table 1.

The sheets of Table 2 show separatedly the proportions for basilar lengths and MC 10, MT 10 (distal supra-articular breadths), MC 11 and MT 11 (distal articular breadths).

Differences between Plain zebras and Przewalski horses on one side and the rest of extant forms are particularly clear for MT 11. It is not the first time that a general resemblance is found between Caballines and Plain zebras (Eisenmann V. 2006. Pliocene and Pleistocene Equids : Paleontology versus Molecular Biology. In : Kahlke, R.-D., Maul, L. C. & Mazza, P. (Eds.) : Late Neogene and Quaternary biodiversity and evolution : Regional developments and interregional correlations. Proceedings volume of the 18th International Senckenberg Conference (VI International Palaeontological Colloquium in Weimar), 25th-20th April 2004. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg (CFS), 256:71-89, 21 figs, 2pls.).

19.Hipparion Third Phalanges (Ph3)

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- System of measurements for Hiparion skulls and limb bones (English)

18.Hipparion Second Phalanges (Ph2)

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- System of measurements for Hiparion skulls and limb bones (English)

17.Hipparion First Phalanges (Ph1)

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- System of measurements for Hiparion skulls and limb bones (English)

16.Hipparion Lateral Metapodials

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- System of measurements for Hiparion skulls and limb bones (English)

15.Hipparion Third Metatarsal (MT III)

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- System of measurements for Hiparion skulls and limb bones (English)

14.Hipparion other Tarsals

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- System of measurements for Hiparion skulls and limb bones (English)